Civil Rights Activist. B. Du Bois - 1789 Words

Mike Rinehart W.E.B. Du Bois Review Civil Rights Activist W.E.B. Du Bois tackles a difficult era in American History following the Civil War which is known as Reconstruction. The era itself is well known for its lack of objectivity in the ways it has been viewed by white historians prior to the publication of this book in 1935. Du Bois book, Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860–1880 attempts to revise the writings of pervious historians, who were devoted to their own sectional causes, partisan viewpoints and racist beliefs on Reconstruction. Unlike most Reconstruction histories up to that time, Du Bois breaks his book down into fifteen chapters. The first three focus on the social history of African American workers, white workers and the planters (landowners). With a chapter devoted to each one the reader gets an in-depth history of each, the difficult interactions between each and these introductory chapters serve as a springboard to the rest of Du Bois book whose subsequent chapters focus on more social topics like education, the development of proletariats and a final chapter devoted to Du Bois eloquent, revisionist response to previous historians regarding this era. It is likely that Du Bois, an African-American possessed an ulterior motive for all of the rebuttals to previous Reconstructions histories and who can blame him? The â€Å"Dunning School† onShow MoreRelatedB. Dubois And Booker T. Washington795 Words   |  4 Pagesviolence or leaving the violence untouched? W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington were two African-American rights activists during the late 1800s and early 1900s. W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington had the same idea for the end result of equality for colored people. However, they had very different approaches to reach their desired results. Booker T. Washington believed it was the right idea to approach his issues in a passive manner. However, W.E.B. DuBois believes that a more aggressive planRead MoreBlack History954 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Sociology Instructor: Jeanette Maxey November 11, 2012 Theorists of Choice W.E.B Du Bois Sociology is the study of group behavior through the use of scientific investigation and research (Vissing, 2011). This class has shown so many different views on sociology. It explains how different people see society and how they live and interact with them. My theorist of choice is W.E.B Du Bois, because he laid down the foundation for the study of black sociology and the work of scholarsRead MoreAnalysis Of Booker T. Washington872 Words   |  4 PagesBooker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois were two of many very influential Black leaders in African American history. These men, though born over a decade a part, shared a common aspiration of obtaining equal rights and sought education for change on the behalf of Blacks. However, the philosophy in which these goals would be achieved differed greatly among the two. Booker T. Washington was born April 5, 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia. His mother was a slave which meant that he too wouldRead MoreRacial Equality : Economics Vs Education876 Words   |  4 PagesRacial Equality: Economics vs Education Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois were two of many very influential Black leaders in African American history. These men, though born over a decade apart, shared a common aspiration of obtaining equal rights and sought education for change on the behalf of Blacks. However, the philosophy in which these goals would be achieved differed greatly among the two. Booker T. Washington was born April 5, 1856 in Franklin County, Virginia. His mother wasRead MoreWas Marcus Garvey The Most Significant African American Civil Rights Leader?1606 Words   |  7 PagesTo what extent was Marcus Garvey the most significant African American civil rights leader in the period 1865-1945? The period between 1865 and 1945 saw some of the most dramatic social, political and economic changes in America. The key issue of black civil rights throughout this period was advocated and led by a range of significant, emotive and inspiring leaders. Marcus Garvey was a formidable public speaker and is often named as the most popular black nationalist leader of the early twentiethRead MoreBooker T. Washington Essay examples933 Words   |  4 Pagesleaders, Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. These two men are both working to achieve a common goal, but the roads on which they’re each traveling to get there differ significantly. Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offer different strategies for dealing with the problems of poverty and discrimination facing Black Americans. Booker T. Washington’s gradualism stance gives him wide spread appeal among both blacks and whites, although W.E.B. Du Bois has the upper hand when it comes toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Souls Of Black Folk 1026 Words   |  5 Pagesarea of politics, as southern states amended their constitutions to deny Black American citizens their voting rights that had been ratified by the Fifteenth Amendment. The beliefs of racial uplift, was an idea that placed responsibility on educated Black people for the well-being of the majority of their race. This was a reaction to the assault on African American civil and political rights, also known as â€Å"the Negro problem (Washington 8).† During this era, there were opportunities for Black peopleRead MoreB. Du Bois928 Words   |  4 Pagesthe greatest leaders in African American history was born. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois, better known as W.E.B. Du Bois is one of the greatest scholar, writer, editor, and civil rights activist. Many civil rights leaders and other important black leaders and role models see W.E.B Du Bois as the father of the Civil Rights Movem ent. W.E.B Du Bois paved the way for many African Americans in the country. Du Bois played a very influential role in many movements that would help the African AmericanRead MoreWilliam Edward Burghardt s The Souls Of Black Folk1145 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Edward Burghardt, also known as W. E. B. Du Bois, was a civil rights activist, journalist, educator, and an American sociologist among many other things. In addition, Du Bois was an author of an extremely influential book, â€Å"The Souls of Black Folk.† Published in 1903, the Civil Rights Movement was merely at its peak when this occurred. Not only molding a form of sociology, Du Bois acted and performed in the movement inevitably. W.E.B. Du Bois lived from February 23rd, 1868 to August 27thRead MoreSlavery And Jim Crow Laws1613 Words   |  7 Pagesabolitionism is were the journey for equality began with black political theorist like, David Walker, Fredrick Douglas, and Anna Julia Cooper. Decades later the Civil Rights Era would continue the work of those former slaves ultimately changing the treatment of black people nationwide. Black activist like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Mary McLeod Bethune along with several others can be accredited for the equal liberties obtained by blacks in America after decades of unjustified discrimination

History of Law Enforcement Free Essays

Historical development of law enforcement agencies goes back to the United States Constitution. It tells how the federal, state, and local agencies came into existence, and what purpose they were to serve. This report will give details on each separate law enforcement agency, what their jurisdictions are, along with descriptions of the individual responsibilities pertaining to these various agencies primary purpose. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Law Enforcement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Surprisingly enough, these law enforcement agencies responsibilities, reach far and beyond just making arrest, patrolling neighborhoods, and keeping the public safe.These agencies serve a larger purpose than just enforcing the law, such as managing the agency, records keeping, financial records, and public service records. Public Order has a definition much more detailed than just keeping neighborhoods safe, controlling riots, and arresting offenders, with further detail given throughout this paper, expressing how important the need to understand the various aspects of each agency and the extensive responsibilities each perform within their jurisdiction. Also, seeing how they have evolved through the years. The development of modern municipal law enforcement procedures began with the creation of the London Metropolitan police in 1829. While previous existence of private systems had been voluntary. The year of 1829 clearly marked the beginning of a paid full-time public police force in London and the real inception of modern police administration† (ibailey, 2007). Resources ibailey, Local Government Records Commission, July 25, 2007 Alabama Constitution of 1901 Code of Alabama 1975 Alabama Government Manual (1998)The Encyclopedia of â€Å"Police Science† by William G. Bailey (1989) Martin, David. Alabama’s State and Local Government, 3rd edition (1988) Thomas, James D. and William H. Stewart. Alabama Government and Politics (1988) Timmons, Robert D. â€Å"Alabama Sheriffs’ Association† (1996) Kathryn, I have altered and reworded some of it, and removed some citations. If you see a place that needs a citation, please let me know. I will be using these same references for my part on Local law enforcement, just so you will know ahead of time. Robbie How to cite History of Law Enforcement, Essays History of Law Enforcement Free Essays â€Å"Criminal Justice System, As Seen By Me†. CJS 100 Final Project History of Law Enforcement In Ancient China law enforcement was carried out by â€Å"perfects. † The notion of a â€Å"perfect† in China has existed for thousands of years. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Law Enforcement or any similar topic only for you Order Now In both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn periods the prefecture system developed. Within the Jin kingdom, dozens of perfects were spread across the kingdom, each having limited authority and a length of service. Over time and under the rule of Dang Lin Wang, an new judicial system emerged in which perfects were considered government officials appointed by local magistrates, who in turn were appointed by the emperor of the dynasty; a figure very similar to a head of state. The prefects oversaw the civil administration of their â€Å"prefecture,† or what is known today as a jurisdiction. Prefects usually reported to the local magistrates, just as modern police report to judges. Under each perfect were â€Å"sub prefects† who helped collectively with law enforcement of the area. Over time the concept of the â€Å"prefecture system† eventually spread to other cultures. For the most part, crime was viewed as a private matter in Ancient Greece and Rome. Even with offenses as serious as murder, justice was the prerogative of the victim’s family and private war or vendetta the means of protection against criminality. Publicly-owned slaves were used by magistrates as police in Ancient Greece. In Athens, a group of 300 Scythian slaves was used to guard public meetings to keep order and for crowd control, and also assisted with dealing with criminals, manhandling prisoners, and making arrests. Other duties associated with modern policing, such as investigating crimes, were left to the citizens themselves. During the middle Ages, crime and punishment were dealt with through blood feuds or trial by ordeal between the parties. Payment to the victim or their family was another common punishment, including for violent crimes. For those who could not afford to buy their way out of punishment, harsh penalties included various forms of corporal punishment. These included mutilation, whipping, branding, flogging, and execution. The code of law specifies exactly how much to pay, if anything, depending who was slain. The primary form of state-administered punishment during ancient times and the Middles Ages was banishment or exile. Though a prison existed as early as the 14th century in, incarceration was not widely used until the 19th century. The establishment of law enforcement and criminal justice during the Middle Ages and Ancient China was used as a model and other nations or civilizations formed their rules in which one should govern themselves by. When early colonists first came to America, they did not include trained lawyers or other law-knowledgeable persons. They followed the common law system; which included set of rules that were used to solve problems in society. It was based on the history of decisions that previous judges had made instead lawmaking codes or laws. This system made a distinction between two basic types of crimes: felonies and misdemeanors. The legal process, mostly for more serious crimes, involved a grand jury, composed of members of the community, which loved to commit crimes, which decided whether there was enough evidence for prosecution. However, in these proceedings no district attorneys or public prosecutors were available. The victim of the crime was responsible for instigating the prosecution and financing it. It was these fundamental principles that stuck with the colonists and were used selectively to create a new and unique criminal justice system. Many factors influenced the colonists’ selection process by which they constructed their approach to criminal justice. Being that there were no professional lawyers this left a lot of room for creativity and mistakes. The colonists were pretty much left to their own devices concerning the details of their developing criminal justice system. The new environment the colonists encountered in the New World, especially the western frontier, also affected the way the law was shaped. The system was molded to fit the colonists’ necessities as they settled further and further west. Vigilantism was an inevitable byproduct of the faults of the development of justice in America. Religion, especially early on in the colonial period, exerted a strong influence on law making. Legal codes, such as the 1648 Book of the General Laws and Liberties of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, contained very strong biblical references than did the ones in England. However, it should be said that this religious impact was felt most strongly in Puritan colonies. Similar ideas were evident in other colonists too. Many colonial makeshift criminal codes considered lying, idleness, drunkenness, certain sexual offenses, and even bad behavior as a crime. These moralistic crimes stemmed from the relation of crime to sin and sin to crime. Adding to the religious factor, the colonists held individual liberty in high regard. This later influenced more contemporary criminal codes. Criminal Justice Today A criminal justice system is a set of legal and social institutions for enforcing the criminal law in accordance with a defined set of procedural rules and limitations. There are separate federal, state, and military criminal justice systems. In addition each state has separate systems for adults and juveniles. Criminal justice systems include several major subsystems, composed of one or more public institutions and their staffs: police and other law enforcement agencies; trial and appellate courts; prosecution and public defender offices; probation and parole agencies; custodial institutions; and departments of corrections. Police Law enforcement agencies consist of both federal and state agencies. There are a wide range of federal offices which may include the protection of The President of the United States to the protection of mail. Most are more familiar with state police agencies those with general functions similar to local police and those with limited responsibilities, mainly involving highway patrol on state roads. A city police force is usually organized as one of several departments within the local government. The police are part of the local criminal justice system, which is the means by which society deals with criminals. The system includes the prosecuting attorney’s office, the courts, probation offices, and corrections agencies. A police department’s goals are to prevent crime, investigate crime and apprehend offenders, control traffic, maintain order, and deal with emergencies and disasters. In their efforts to prevent crime a police agency usually is composed of a patrol division, consisting of uniformed patrol officers and supervisors. However, the police force doe not end there; larger agencies are also composed of units that are responsible for criminal investigation, traffic control, special police units, noncriminal services, and police technology. All of the divisions of a police agency all come together to work in conjunction of the criminal justice system. Courts The courts serve as the venue where disputes are then settled and justice is administered. In accordance with laws and with regard to criminal justice a court setting is complied of people. The judge, is a person, that may have been elected or appointed and is knowledgeable with the aspects of law. It is the judge purpose to objectively and without bias administer the legal proceedings. Today guilt or innocence is decided through the system of law that relies on the contest between each advocate representing his or her party’s positions and involves an impartial person or group of people, usually a jury or judge, trying to determine the truth of the case. This is also known as a adversarial system; where two parties will both offer their version of events and argue their case before the court. The case should be decided in favor of the party who offers the most sound and compelling arguments based on the law as applied to the facts of the case. In cases where a criminal offense was committed with sufficient evidence provide by the necessary policing agencies the prosecutor, or district attorney, brings charges against a person or corporate entity. A defense attorney counsels the accused on the legal process, likely outcomes for the accused and suggests strategies. The final determination of guilt or innocence is typically made by a third party, who is supposed to be disinterested. This function may be performed by a judge, a panel of judges, or a jury of one’s peers. This process varies depending on the laws of the specific jurisdiction. In some places the panel is required to issue a unanimous decision, while in others only a majority vote is required. In America, this process depends on the state, level of court, and even agreements between the prosecuting and defending parties. Other nations do not use juries at all, or rely on theological or military authorities to issue verdicts. Corrections Offenders are then turned over to the correctional authorities, from the ourt system after the accused has been found guilty. Like all other aspects of criminal justice, the administration of punishment has taken many different forms throughout history. Early on, when civilizations lacked the resources necessary to construct and maintain prisons, exile and execution were the primary forms of punishment. Historically shame punishments and exile have also been us ed as forms of censure. The most publicly visible form of punishment in the modern era is the prison. Prisons may serve as detention centers for prisoners after trial. For containment of the accused, jails are used. Early prisons were used primarily to sequester criminals and little thought was given to living conditions within their walls. Punishment in the form of prison time may serve a variety of purposes. First, and most obviously, the incarceration of criminals removes them from the general population and inhibits their ability to perpetrate further crimes. Many societies also view prison terms as a form of revenge or retribution, and any harm or discomfort the prisoner suffers is â€Å"payback† for the harm they caused their victims. A new goal of prison punishments is to offer criminals a chance to be rehabilitated. Many modern prisons offer schooling or job training to prisoners as a chance to learn a vocation and thereby earn a legitimate living when they are returned to society. Religious institutions also have a presence in many prisons, with the goal of teaching ethics and instilling a sense of morality in the prisoners. If a prisoner is released before his time is served, he is released as a parole. This means that they are released, but the restrictions are greater than that of someone on probation. There are numerous other forms of punishment which are commonly used in conjunction with or in place of prison terms. Monetary fines are one of the oldest forms of punishment still used today. These fines may be paid to the state or to the victims as a form of reparation. Probation and house arrest are also sanctions which seek to limit a person’s mobility and their opportunities to commit crimes without actually placing them in a prison setting. Many jurisdictions may require some form of public or community service as a form of reparations for lesser offenses. Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System In my personal opinion, the justice system is not effectively meeting the four principles of sentencing, which are punishment, deterrence, protection of the public and the reformation and rehabilitation of the offender. The offenders need to go through a stiffer system to be ensured that they meet all four principles. For this to occur sentences must be long enough for individuals to reflect the serious consequences of their intended acts and rehabilitation should be mandatory. In order to effectively meet the four principles of the justice system, changes need to be made. The justice system needs to evaluate each offender’s needs in order for them to become a productive member of society. No one should be ignored in the process of creating a better society. Punishment should be harsh and rehabilitation must be mandatory, while public safety is also kept in mind. There is no one perfect solution but ways need to be explored for the justice system to be efficient. Hale, Sandra Beatriz (July 2004). The Discourse of Court Interpreting: Discourse Practices of the Law, the Witness and the Interpreter How to cite History of Law Enforcement, Essays

Media Reflection for Woolworth and Coles- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMedia Reflection for Woolworth and Coles. Answer: Strain in the relationship between Woolworth and Coles Woolworth and Coles have been partners for a long time in business. This joint venture has resulted in the introduction of lucrative facilities for the customers. As a matter of specification, both the organizations, Coles is one such name among the retail businesses after Woolworths. Speculating the earlier phases, deals, trades and transactions between Woolworth and Coles have benefitted the customers (Price, Bailey and Pyman 2014). Typical examples in this direction are the family shopping packages. However, consecutive declines in the billion dollar investment plans have compelled the managers of Woolworths to cease their partnership with Coles. Even after spending more than $1 billion, the managerial personnel have still not emerged successful in restoring the offer of king like family shopping. The major drive behind this is the exposure of negligence in terms of rectifying the potential errors in the marketing services. This negligence nullifies the confidence regarding the ca pability of Woolworths personnel to generate more revenue than Coles (Smh.com.au 2017). Viewing it from other perspective, the declaration to shun the partnership is illegal in the eyes of the law. Countering this, self decision of the managers to end the partnership terms is a kind of violation of the Partnership Act, which makes it obligatory for the organizations to under the terms and conditions carefully and then indulge into the contract. Generally, two business organizations indulge into partnership for earning more profit. Delving deep into the recent performance of Woolworths and Coles, Woolworths can be placed on a higher pedestral as compared to Coles. In view of this, the declaration to end the partnership terms seems appropriate (Bailey et al. 2015). Rather, it reflects the attempts of the managerial staffs in terms of bringing modifications in the business procedures. The immediate result of the situation was customer turnovers, which enhanced the authoritative powers of brands such as Aldi. However, chief executive of the brand is hopeful in terms of restoring the families through the means of offers, discounts and schemes on family shopping in the near future. Execution of promotional activities at an expense of $275 million seems inappropriate as compared to the reduction in the prices of the products. This motive projects an absence of oriental approach of the managers of Woolworths regarding the infrastructural development (Dixon, Hattersley and Isaacs 2014). The critiques are hopeful regarding the restoration of equilibrium between the supply and demand in the upcoming days. Indulging in meetings with the members of Trade Union seems a wise approach in terms of setting the prices of the goods and services. Within this, focus is being placed on the promotion of innovative goods. However, the article projects a long way that Woolworths needs to cover for improving the relationship with the customers. For this, the steps taken by the managers are just commendable. As a matter of specification, prices of the products have been reduced on an average of 2.4%. This possesses flexibility to restore at least some audience (Smh.com.au 2017). Along with this, number of staffs on Sundays has been increased for improving the losses achieved in the stock markets. Moreover, relations have been improved with the suppliers. Typical evidence of this is the supply of quality raw materials to the suppliers for its delivery to the customers. Dedication and commitment of the employees and managers was a turning point for Woolworths. Adoption of social media marketing enabled Woolworths to add maximum value to the profit margin (Smh.com.au 2017). Herein, lays the achievement of success on own terms, which is far more prestigious than sharing a collaborative loss. References Bailey, J., Price, R., Pyman, A. and Parker, J., 2015. Union power in retail: contrasting cases in Australia and New Zealand.New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations (Online),40(1), p.1. Dixon, J., Hattersley, L. and Isaacs, B., 2014. Transgressing retail: supermarkets, liminoid power and the metabolic rift. InFood Transgressions: Making Sense of Contemporary Food Politics. Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Price, R., Bailey, J. and Pyman, A., 2014. Varieties of collaboration: the case of an Australian retail union.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(6), pp.748-761. Smh.com.au (2017). Woolworth goes after the family spend. Availiable at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/woolworths-goes-after-the-family-spend-20170222-guiqzn.html [Aessed on 21st May 2017] Article link: https://www.smh.com.au/business/retail/woolworths-goes-after-the-family-spend-20170222-guiqzn.html